Climate
The climate and climatic recourses of Mongolia are determined by the geographical location, relief, structure and altitude above sea-level. Mongolia is high, cold, dry and has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most precipitation falls. The country averages 260 cloudless days a year and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.Precipitation is highest in the North, which averages 20-35 centimeters per year, and lowest in the South, which receives 10-20 centimeters.The south is the Gobi Desert, some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years.Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through March and are about freezing in April and October.January and February averages of -20o C are common, with winter nights -40o C occurring most years.Summer extremes reach as high as 38o C in southern Gobi region and 33o C in Ulaanbaatar.
Natural zones and belts
Mongolia is one of the few countries, which possesses a great range of natural ecosystems within their borders.Mongolia is located at the junction of Siberian taiga and Central Asian prairie steppe and deserts, and therefore specific species of fauna and flora are included in the territory. Mongolia is divided into six basic natural zones, differing in climate, landscape, soil, flora and fauna.
1.High Mountain belt.Mongolia is Mountainous country.Though the high mountain zone, which includes the higher elevations of these ranges, makes up only about 5 percent territory of Mongolia Many mountain areas of Mongolia show signs of previous Ice Ages, with U-shaped valleys and boulders left behind by retreating glaciers. The climate in the high mountain zone is extremely cold , and there is a short growing season.Located above tree line, the zone is characterized by tundra, alpine-sedge meadows, highland swamps, and lichen- covered boulder fields.
2.Mountain-Taiga belt.Taiga belt which covers 5 percent of Mongolian territory occurs only innorthern Mongolia, where it is found in the Khentii Mountains, in the mountainous terrain around Lake Khuvsgul, back part of Tarvagatai mountain range, first higher place near Orkhon river and some parts of Khan Khukhii mountain range. The main formations of the mountain-taiga are cedar and cedar-larch tree forests.Taiga forests species are: Pinus sibirica, Larix sibirica, L.dahurica, Picea ovobata and Abies sibirica. Typical taiga vegetation is dense low shrub formation, which is frequent in the swampy beds of the Khentii mountain valley. The taiga belt experiences more precipitation (12 to 16 inches annually) and lower temperatures than most of Mongolia, therefore plant growing period is comparatively short. Stepping considerably affects the edge of Taiga belt and steppe elements penetrated to sides and along wide trenches of shorter mountains.
3.Mountain steppe zone. A natural alternation of forests along the northern slopes and steppes in other elements of the topography creates unique landscapes in many parts of Mongolia, which could be called Mountain forest-steppe. Mountain steppes are widespread in the Hangai, khentii and Mongolian Altai mountain ranges. By its nature, the mountain steppe flora includes typically mountain-steppe species-( Poa, Festuca, Koeleria) with an abundant combination of alpine species.
4. Steppe zone. Steppe covers nearly the entire far-eastern part of Mongolia, extending west in a narrowing band just south of the Khangai and Khan Khukhii Mountains all the way to the Depression of the Great Lakes. Mongolia's steppe lies in the eastern part of the vast plain that begins in Eastern Europe and reaches to the steppes of Manchuria. The steppe zone includes a distinctive group of flora and fauna. In the central and western areas of the country, the steppe provides many of the nation's most important grazing lands for domestic livestock. The steppe is vulnerable to impacts from overgrazing, agriculture, roads and other human activities.
5. Desert Steppe zone. Desert steppe occupies a large band, more than 20 percent of Mongolia's area, extending across the country between the steppe and desert zones. This zone includes the Depression of the Great Lakes, the Valley of the lakes, and most of the area between the Khangai and Altai mountain ranges, as well as the eastern Gobi area. The zone includes many low-lying areas, soils with salt pans, and small ponds. The climate is arid with frequent droughts and annual precipitation of 100-125 mm, (4-5 inches) and frequent strong winds and dust storms strongly influence the area vegetation. Still, many nomadic herders of Mongolia occupy this zone.
6. Gobi Desert zone:
The Gobi is one of the great deserts in the world, occupying much of southern Mongolia and northeastern China and composing the northern part of Central Asian deserts. Starkly beautiful, the expanses of the fabled Gobi are rugged and inhospitable. Vegetation is sparse here, and the zone displays a remarkable variety, from rocky mountain massifs to the flat pavement-like areas of the super-arid desert, from poplar-fringed oases to vast out wash plains and areas of sand dunes. These areas provide habitat for many threatened species of Mongolia, including the wild camel, Gobi bear, and wild ass. Climate is extreme. Precipitation may fall only once every two to three years and averages less than 100 mm (4 inches) annually. Temperatures climb as high as 40° С (104° F) in summer, and fall as low as -40° (104° F) С in winter. During the spring and fall, dangerously strong winds buffet the area with dust storms and wind-speeds up to 140 km/ hour.
Flora
The vegetation of Mongolia is very distinctive and heterogeneous because of the country’s location at the junction of two large floristic regions of the earth-the Siberian taiga, sub-region covering the northern part of the country, and the Central Asian dessert-steppe, sub-regions Ancient Mediterranean.
Vegetation in the northern region, as a natural continuation of the south Siberian vegetation, differs very little from the latter. The dessert-steppe and dessert vegetation, although considerably poorer, but distinctive by its composition, is represented by the Central Asian proper floristic complex, connected only with the south-west of the country.
Mongolia has about 3000 plant species, while central Siberia has 2,400 and Inner Mongolia has 2,176.
There are 845 species of medicinal plants; over 1,000 of fodder plants; 173 of food plants; 489 of ornamental plants; and 195 of other significant plants. At present Mongolia have 2,095 species of herbaceous plant and 348 species of woody and shrubby plants. These comprise 17 species of big trees; 40 species of short trees and shrub; 146 species of shrub; 48 species of sub-shrubs; 91 species of partial sub-shrubs; 6 species of fodder and herbaceous; 1,765 species of longevity plants; 330 species of one- and two-aged vascular plants; 21 families of flat moss; 38 families of leafy moss; 53 families of lichen; 1,236 species and sub-species of algae; and 900 species of mushrooms. There are relic species from prehistoric desert, forests, tertiary lakes, savannahs and the Ice Age. Many plants relics are native to Mongolia. There are about 150 endemic vascular and lower plants, such as stipa mongolorum; adonis mongolica; betula mongolica; atraphaxis bracteata; calligonum gobicum; nanophyton mongolicum; gymnocarpus przewalskii; silene mongolica; potaninia mongolica; chesneya mongolica; astragalus gobicus; oxytropis ulzii-chutagii; and armisia gobica.
The Khangai, Gobi-Altai and Mongolian Altai regions are the most abundant in species. 86 plant species were registered as endangered or threatened in the first edition of the Mongolian Red Book. In the second edition (1997), the number was already 128. This group includes 75 medicinal species, 11 of food, 16 used in industry, 55 decorative species and 15 species used in soil fixing or controlling pests. The group includes nitraria sibirica; amygdalus mongolica; populus diversifolia; caragana bungei; artemisia caespitosa; sophora alopecuroides; allium altaicum; adonis mongolica; saussurea involucrate; agriophyllum pungens; elaeagnes moorcroftii; aves sibirica; gemnocvarpus przewalskii; rodiola rosea; and allium oliquum.
Parliament passed a law on the international Trading of animals and plants, and related items in 2007. The law is in line with its membership
Fauna
Mongolia is rich in fauna and is home to some of the world’s rarest wildlife. The more exotic rare species include the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), the Gobi bear (Urcus arctos) and the wild ancestors of three of mankind’s most important domesticated animals -the wild camel (Camelus bactrainus ferus), the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus luteus) and przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii).
Mammals in Mongolia: Currently 136 species of mammals concerning 8 classes, 22 families, 70 types of mammals have been registered in Mongolia; most of them are endemic in Central Asia. 60 species of them are hunted as they are game animals.
Birds of Mongolia: Mongolia has a rich composition of bird species due to the migratory routes from the Pacific and Indian Oceans to the Mediterranean Sea and to Arctic Ocean and Northern Tundra... 426 species of birds have been observed in Mongolia- 322 species or 78% are migrated. 30 species of birds are included in the "Red book of Mongolia" as they are concerned as rare and endangered. And some lakes as Khovsgul, Uvs, Khar Us, Dayan, Dorgon, Terkhiin Tsagaan and also some rivers where high density of birds is observed have been strictly protected partially. Birds such as Grus leucogeranus, Grus vipio, Chlamydotis undulata, ciconia migra, Pelecanus crispus, Platalea leucorodia, Anas formosa, Limnodromus semipalmatus, Larus relictus have been protected.
Fish of Mongolia: Mongolia has 75 species of fishes. Fish that are not listed in the "Red book of Mongolia" are sport fish. Common fish in Mongolia: taimen, great kalyga, strugeons, arctis cisco, Siberian whitefish, pikes- amur pike, northern pike, cyprinid fish, carp, roach, dwaft altai osman, Mongolian grayling, Mongolian redfin, look up, haitej sculpin...
Reptiles in Mongolia: Currently 22 species of reptiles have been registered in the country such as also phyla pipiens, teratoscincus przwalskii, cyrtopodion elongatus, laudakia stoliczkana, phrynocephalus vesicular, phrynocephalus helioscopus, lacerta agilis, lacerta vivipara, eryx tataricus, elaphe dione, coluber spinalis, elaphe schrenckii, natrix natrix, vipera berus, qkistrodon halys... most of these reptiles are endemic.
Amphibians in Mongolia: In the world currently, 3 types, 29 families, 3000 species of insects have been registered, of which 2 types, 4 families of 8 species of amphibians have been observed in Mongolia such as Bufo danatensis, Salamandrella keyserlingii, Rana chensinensis, Hyla japonica, bufo raddei, ...some of the amphibians are endemi
Insects in Mongolia: Insect life is the richest in the wild life of Mongolia as 13000 species of insects are observed in the country.
Sunday, June 20, 2010
History of Mongolia
The Latest archaeological findings show that the earliest man came into being on the territory of Mongolia some 500,000 years ago, in the Early Paleolithic period.
Early Paleolithic period (500,000 years ago) - The people of the early Paleolithic time were predecessors of Neanderthal man-Arhantrop.the climate of Mongolia in that time was milder: the mountains were covered with coniferous and deciduous forest, and water-meadows prevailed in the low ground, inhabited by heat-loving antelopes and ostriches alongside mammoths and tartar foxes, which were accustomed to a cooler climate.
The transition from Early to Middle Paleolithic (40-50,000 years ago) - coincided with glaciations, which led to a sharp change in the climate. With the falling temperature, considerable changes occurred, not only in the fauna and flora but also in the physique of man. He made better implements of production, such as sharp, pointed instruments used as knives, spearheads, and scrapers for processing skins and wood. Traces of man pertaining to the Middle Paleolithic period are found in many places in the central and western part of Mongolia.
Late Paleolithic Period (40,000-12,000 years ago) - At that time, modern man (Homo sapiens) was evolving. The high level of intellectual development of the primitive people in Mongolia of that period is witnessed by a wonderful monument of primitive culture-the cave paintings of Hoit Tsenkher in Hovd province, 1,200 km west of Ulaanbaatar. The fauna of this period is represented by mammoths, hairy rhinoceroses, stags, bisons, wild asses and antelopes.
The Mesolithic Period (12,000-7,000 years ago) - The distinctive features of this period were the appearance of the bow and arrow as weapons and the domestication of animals. Arrow heads, tools and plates shaped on both sides have been founded in the east of Mongolia on the river Kherlen in the basin of the Yoroo, a tributary of the Selenge, and on the territory of South Gobi province.This stone implements are similar to a number of monuments of Mesolithic settlements in Yakut and Kamchatka, and in America.
The Neolithic Period (6,000 -4,000 years ago) - Archaeological finds have confirmed that almost the entire territory of Mongolia was inhabited by Neolithic settlers. Of particular interest are the settlements with graves and semi-subterranean dwellings near the town of Choibalsan in eastern Mongolia, and traces in the area around Bayanzag in southern Mongolia discovered in the 1920s by an American expedition led by R. C. Andrews. Frequent finds at sites and settlements are numerous discs of a purely Neolithic type, flints, knife-shaped plates and arrow-heads. It is obvious that the inhabitants of Mongolia in the Neolithic period had mastered the art of processing stones by grinding and polishing. Numerous small stone pestles and primitive mortars testify to the increasing significance of harvesting wild, edible cereals and possibly to the birth of agriculture. Along with stone implements, ancient half-egg-shaped earthenware vessels have been discovered in the Gobi.
The stone wares thus found in various parts of Mongolia indicate that this area of Central Asia was extensively populated in the Neolithic period. activity of man, which marked the transition to a more productive form of economy - agriculture and animal farming.
The Bronze and Early Iron Ages
From the end of the Neolithic period the forefathers of the Mongols gradually progressed to the production of bronze implements. Deposits of copper and tin in various regions of the country favored the development of ancient bronze metalwork, which reached its highest development at the end of the second and the beginning of the first centuries BC. There is, in particular, a whole series of bronze knives and long fighting daggers, with hafts ornamented with drawings of mountain goats and sheep. Of great interest for their exceptional workmanship are the battle-axes from South-Gobi and the double- and triple-bladed bronze pendants which the women of that time probably wore in their hair.
Rock pictures painted in red found on the territory of Mongolia date back to the Bronze Age and are typical only of this region. The main subjects depicted are rectangular and circular "yards" with a number of dots inside denoting the number of animals. They so show stylized animals and human figures standing hand-in-hand, with an eagle with its wings spread over the whole composition. Similar drawings have been found in the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar and other regions.
A whole series of drawings of war chariots on rocks in the Mongolian Altai, Khangai, and central and south-western Mongolia and dating back to the end of the Bronze Age provides important evidence of the advent of wheeled transport and the development of horse-breeding in this remote era.
Research in recent years shows that the iron found in archaeological investigations in Mongolia dates back to the first half of the first millennium BC. It seems that from the fifth century BC forged metal began to be widely used for making implements and weapons. The progressive forms - by the standard of that time - of the economy of stock-breeding, and the nomadic way of life and culture became structurally matured, displaying all the important technical achievements of the strikingly unique arts of the nomads.
Along with stone-cist graves, "deer stones" are also widely found in Mongolia. These are upright stone slabs decorated with stylized pictures of running deer and finely engraved drawings of knives, daggers, bows and arrows. In fact "deer stones" are the most ancient anthropomorphic monumental sculpture. In addition to these there are a great number of pictures employing the same style engraved on rocks. In some places there are entire open-air "picture galleries", portraying scenes of individual and collective hunting with dogs for deer and wild boar, figures of horses with long swan-like necks and spindly legs, and tiger-like mythical animals.
Obviously, Mongolia's natural conditions favored animal husbandry. In the steppes, herds and flocks were provided with excellent pastures and watering-places. The foothills of the Altai Mountains in the west, the Great Hyangan in the east and the Hangai mountains in central Mongolia were suitable for moving from one place to another in search of pastures. Moreover, the forests of these mountain areas abounded with wild beasts and game birds, which were hunted for their meat and valuable furs.
In brief
209B.C – In the second millennium B.C the nomadic tribe, known as the Hunnu, founded the first powerful Empire in northeastern Asia and Shanyu (meaning King) governed it.
213 B.C – Great wall in China was built.
2nd - 4th century AD – Xiang – bi state
555 - Turkish state wins Joujan.
745 - Uigur State established.
10th century AD – Kidan state.
10th - 12th century AD – various trades of Mongolian origin lived in a vast area of land stretching from the great Gobi desert in the south to Lake Baikal in the north.
1162 - Birth of Chinggis Khaan
1206 - At Ikh Khuraldai Chinggis Khaan, the leader of “All the people who live in a felt Ger” and who finally ended up the disintegration of 12th century Mongolia, founded the Great Mongolian State”
1207 - 1226 – Chinggis Khaan conquered half the known world establishing the great Mongolian Empire”.
1227 - Death of Chinggis Khaan.
1229 - 1235 - Ogodei Khaan ascended to the throne.
1236 - 1242 - Bat Khaan’s led conquests to Europe.
ong>1240 - “The Secret History of the Mongols”
1252 - 1258 – Monkh Khaan’s conquests
1260 - 1294 - Kubilai Khaan’s conquests.
1466 - 1504 - Batmonkh Dayan Khaan re-united Mongolia after Chinggis Khaan’s death.
1409 - Mongolian again begins to split up.
13 - 15th century AD – In Mongolian history there have been 16 great Khaans and small 21 minor kings between 13th -15th centuries.
18th century AD – Mongolia was submitted to Manchu rule.
1755 - 1758 - Battle of independence by Amarsanaa, Chingunjav.
1911 - Mongolian Independence from Manchu was declared with theocratic government under the leadership of the 8th Bogd Javzandemb Hutagt who came to the throne of the Bogd Khaan (King)
1915 - Mongolian limited autonomy was fully signed by Mongolia, China, and Russian in the Treaty of khiagt.
1921 - The People’s Republic of Mongolia was proclaimed after the victory of the Mongolian People’s Revolution. Since 1924 Mongolia had been the world’s second communist country.
1937 - 1939 – This period is recorded in the pages of history as political repression or purge period.
1962 - Mongolia became a member state of the United Nations.
1981 - Spaceflights, first and only Mongolian flew into space.
1989 - 1990 - the Democratic Revolution was won peacefully and the country has changed from centrally planned system to free market economy.
1992 - first parliamentary election and new constitution
Early Paleolithic period (500,000 years ago) - The people of the early Paleolithic time were predecessors of Neanderthal man-Arhantrop.the climate of Mongolia in that time was milder: the mountains were covered with coniferous and deciduous forest, and water-meadows prevailed in the low ground, inhabited by heat-loving antelopes and ostriches alongside mammoths and tartar foxes, which were accustomed to a cooler climate.
The transition from Early to Middle Paleolithic (40-50,000 years ago) - coincided with glaciations, which led to a sharp change in the climate. With the falling temperature, considerable changes occurred, not only in the fauna and flora but also in the physique of man. He made better implements of production, such as sharp, pointed instruments used as knives, spearheads, and scrapers for processing skins and wood. Traces of man pertaining to the Middle Paleolithic period are found in many places in the central and western part of Mongolia.
Late Paleolithic Period (40,000-12,000 years ago) - At that time, modern man (Homo sapiens) was evolving. The high level of intellectual development of the primitive people in Mongolia of that period is witnessed by a wonderful monument of primitive culture-the cave paintings of Hoit Tsenkher in Hovd province, 1,200 km west of Ulaanbaatar. The fauna of this period is represented by mammoths, hairy rhinoceroses, stags, bisons, wild asses and antelopes.
The Mesolithic Period (12,000-7,000 years ago) - The distinctive features of this period were the appearance of the bow and arrow as weapons and the domestication of animals. Arrow heads, tools and plates shaped on both sides have been founded in the east of Mongolia on the river Kherlen in the basin of the Yoroo, a tributary of the Selenge, and on the territory of South Gobi province.This stone implements are similar to a number of monuments of Mesolithic settlements in Yakut and Kamchatka, and in America.
The Neolithic Period (6,000 -4,000 years ago) - Archaeological finds have confirmed that almost the entire territory of Mongolia was inhabited by Neolithic settlers. Of particular interest are the settlements with graves and semi-subterranean dwellings near the town of Choibalsan in eastern Mongolia, and traces in the area around Bayanzag in southern Mongolia discovered in the 1920s by an American expedition led by R. C. Andrews. Frequent finds at sites and settlements are numerous discs of a purely Neolithic type, flints, knife-shaped plates and arrow-heads. It is obvious that the inhabitants of Mongolia in the Neolithic period had mastered the art of processing stones by grinding and polishing. Numerous small stone pestles and primitive mortars testify to the increasing significance of harvesting wild, edible cereals and possibly to the birth of agriculture. Along with stone implements, ancient half-egg-shaped earthenware vessels have been discovered in the Gobi.
The stone wares thus found in various parts of Mongolia indicate that this area of Central Asia was extensively populated in the Neolithic period. activity of man, which marked the transition to a more productive form of economy - agriculture and animal farming.
The Bronze and Early Iron Ages
From the end of the Neolithic period the forefathers of the Mongols gradually progressed to the production of bronze implements. Deposits of copper and tin in various regions of the country favored the development of ancient bronze metalwork, which reached its highest development at the end of the second and the beginning of the first centuries BC. There is, in particular, a whole series of bronze knives and long fighting daggers, with hafts ornamented with drawings of mountain goats and sheep. Of great interest for their exceptional workmanship are the battle-axes from South-Gobi and the double- and triple-bladed bronze pendants which the women of that time probably wore in their hair.
Rock pictures painted in red found on the territory of Mongolia date back to the Bronze Age and are typical only of this region. The main subjects depicted are rectangular and circular "yards" with a number of dots inside denoting the number of animals. They so show stylized animals and human figures standing hand-in-hand, with an eagle with its wings spread over the whole composition. Similar drawings have been found in the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar and other regions.
A whole series of drawings of war chariots on rocks in the Mongolian Altai, Khangai, and central and south-western Mongolia and dating back to the end of the Bronze Age provides important evidence of the advent of wheeled transport and the development of horse-breeding in this remote era.
Research in recent years shows that the iron found in archaeological investigations in Mongolia dates back to the first half of the first millennium BC. It seems that from the fifth century BC forged metal began to be widely used for making implements and weapons. The progressive forms - by the standard of that time - of the economy of stock-breeding, and the nomadic way of life and culture became structurally matured, displaying all the important technical achievements of the strikingly unique arts of the nomads.
Along with stone-cist graves, "deer stones" are also widely found in Mongolia. These are upright stone slabs decorated with stylized pictures of running deer and finely engraved drawings of knives, daggers, bows and arrows. In fact "deer stones" are the most ancient anthropomorphic monumental sculpture. In addition to these there are a great number of pictures employing the same style engraved on rocks. In some places there are entire open-air "picture galleries", portraying scenes of individual and collective hunting with dogs for deer and wild boar, figures of horses with long swan-like necks and spindly legs, and tiger-like mythical animals.
Obviously, Mongolia's natural conditions favored animal husbandry. In the steppes, herds and flocks were provided with excellent pastures and watering-places. The foothills of the Altai Mountains in the west, the Great Hyangan in the east and the Hangai mountains in central Mongolia were suitable for moving from one place to another in search of pastures. Moreover, the forests of these mountain areas abounded with wild beasts and game birds, which were hunted for their meat and valuable furs.
In brief
209B.C – In the second millennium B.C the nomadic tribe, known as the Hunnu, founded the first powerful Empire in northeastern Asia and Shanyu (meaning King) governed it.
213 B.C – Great wall in China was built.
2nd - 4th century AD – Xiang – bi state
555 - Turkish state wins Joujan.
745 - Uigur State established.
10th century AD – Kidan state.
10th - 12th century AD – various trades of Mongolian origin lived in a vast area of land stretching from the great Gobi desert in the south to Lake Baikal in the north.
1162 - Birth of Chinggis Khaan
1206 - At Ikh Khuraldai Chinggis Khaan, the leader of “All the people who live in a felt Ger” and who finally ended up the disintegration of 12th century Mongolia, founded the Great Mongolian State”
1207 - 1226 – Chinggis Khaan conquered half the known world establishing the great Mongolian Empire”.
1227 - Death of Chinggis Khaan.
1229 - 1235 - Ogodei Khaan ascended to the throne.
1236 - 1242 - Bat Khaan’s led conquests to Europe.
ong>1240 - “The Secret History of the Mongols”
1252 - 1258 – Monkh Khaan’s conquests
1260 - 1294 - Kubilai Khaan’s conquests.
1466 - 1504 - Batmonkh Dayan Khaan re-united Mongolia after Chinggis Khaan’s death.
1409 - Mongolian again begins to split up.
13 - 15th century AD – In Mongolian history there have been 16 great Khaans and small 21 minor kings between 13th -15th centuries.
18th century AD – Mongolia was submitted to Manchu rule.
1755 - 1758 - Battle of independence by Amarsanaa, Chingunjav.
1911 - Mongolian Independence from Manchu was declared with theocratic government under the leadership of the 8th Bogd Javzandemb Hutagt who came to the throne of the Bogd Khaan (King)
1915 - Mongolian limited autonomy was fully signed by Mongolia, China, and Russian in the Treaty of khiagt.
1921 - The People’s Republic of Mongolia was proclaimed after the victory of the Mongolian People’s Revolution. Since 1924 Mongolia had been the world’s second communist country.
1937 - 1939 – This period is recorded in the pages of history as political repression or purge period.
1962 - Mongolia became a member state of the United Nations.
1981 - Spaceflights, first and only Mongolian flew into space.
1989 - 1990 - the Democratic Revolution was won peacefully and the country has changed from centrally planned system to free market economy.
1992 - first parliamentary election and new constitution
Brief of Mongolia
Mongolia is located in the heart of Asian Landscape in which has immeasurable huge grass of steppes, sand dunes, rocky and forest Mountain ranges fresh lakes. Traditionally, Mongolian lifestyle is based on nomadic lifestyle in which consists of vary kind of nomadic tribes.
Official name of the country: Mongolia
Capital city: Ulaanbaatar
Location: Central Asia. Bordered with Russia (3,485km) and China (4,673)
Area: 1.565 million km²
Average altitude: 1,580m above the sea level
Population: 2,951,786
Language: Mongolian. Common spoken foreign languages –English and Russian
Religions: Buddhism is dominant, but traditionally we accustomed to have focused more attention on shamanism. Some elements of Christians and Muslims are available as w ell.
Currency: Tugrik, All major currencies can be exchange at banks and licensed exchange centers in Ulaanbaatar. Credit cards are accepted at biggest hotels, restaurants and supermarkets.
Political system: Mongolia is a parliamentary republic.
Head of state: President elected for 4 years, Present president Elbegdorj Tsahia
Legislature: State Great Hural, unicameral with 76 members elected for 4 years
State structure: Unitary state administratively divided into 22 provinces and a capital city.
Tourist season: May-October (peak season July-August)
Main ports: Chinggis Khaan international airport in Ulaanbaatar city, Sukhbaatar (railway station on Mongolian-Russian border) and Zamyn Uud (railway station on Mongolian-Chinese border)
Air links: Moscow, Irkutsk (Russia), Berlin (Germany), Beijing, Huhhot (China), Seoul (Republic of Korea) and Tokyo & Osaka (Japan).
Rail links: Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Moscow (Russia) and Huhhot & Beijing (China)
Sea access: Tianjin/China (1.344 km) and Nakhodka/Russia (4.037 km)
Communication: Country code - 976, area code for Ulaanbaatar – 11
Mobile phone: GSM 900, 1800, CDMA 450, 800, 1800, 1900.
Time: Ulaanbaatar time: GTM+8, three western provinces one hour behind the capital,
Working hours: - 09.00-13.00 and
Visa: Visa is issued by Mongolian Embassies and Diplomatic Missions abroad or can be obtained at the international airport by those with a formal letter of invitation. If traveling on an organized tour, visa can be obtained through tourism companies or travel agencies.
Health: No specific requirements, all visitors should ensure that they come to Mongolia with suitable medical insurance
Insurance: You are recommended to have travel insurance with an insurance company of your country.
Food: There are varieties of restaurants in Ulaanbaatar serving Mongolian, Chinese, Russian, European, Japanese, and Korean, Indian and Latin American foods.
Public Holidays: New Year- 31- December -1 January, Lunar new year(Tsagaan sar), International Women’s Day -8 March, Mother and Children’s day -1 June , National Holiday “Naadam”- 11-13 July, Independence day -26 November.
Electric current: 220 volts/50 HZ
Weight and measures: Metric System
Official name of the country: Mongolia
Capital city: Ulaanbaatar
Location: Central Asia. Bordered with Russia (3,485km) and China (4,673)
Area: 1.565 million km²
Average altitude: 1,580m above the sea level
Population: 2,951,786
Language: Mongolian. Common spoken foreign languages –English and Russian
Religions: Buddhism is dominant, but traditionally we accustomed to have focused more attention on shamanism. Some elements of Christians and Muslims are available as w ell.
Currency: Tugrik, All major currencies can be exchange at banks and licensed exchange centers in Ulaanbaatar. Credit cards are accepted at biggest hotels, restaurants and supermarkets.
Political system: Mongolia is a parliamentary republic.
Head of state: President elected for 4 years, Present president Elbegdorj Tsahia
Legislature: State Great Hural, unicameral with 76 members elected for 4 years
State structure: Unitary state administratively divided into 22 provinces and a capital city.
Tourist season: May-October (peak season July-August)
Main ports: Chinggis Khaan international airport in Ulaanbaatar city, Sukhbaatar (railway station on Mongolian-Russian border) and Zamyn Uud (railway station on Mongolian-Chinese border)
Air links: Moscow, Irkutsk (Russia), Berlin (Germany), Beijing, Huhhot (China), Seoul (Republic of Korea) and Tokyo & Osaka (Japan).
Rail links: Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Moscow (Russia) and Huhhot & Beijing (China)
Sea access: Tianjin/China (1.344 km) and Nakhodka/Russia (4.037 km)
Communication: Country code - 976, area code for Ulaanbaatar – 11
Mobile phone: GSM 900, 1800, CDMA 450, 800, 1800, 1900.
Time: Ulaanbaatar time: GTM+8, three western provinces one hour behind the capital,
Working hours: - 09.00-13.00 and
Visa: Visa is issued by Mongolian Embassies and Diplomatic Missions abroad or can be obtained at the international airport by those with a formal letter of invitation. If traveling on an organized tour, visa can be obtained through tourism companies or travel agencies.
Health: No specific requirements, all visitors should ensure that they come to Mongolia with suitable medical insurance
Insurance: You are recommended to have travel insurance with an insurance company of your country.
Food: There are varieties of restaurants in Ulaanbaatar serving Mongolian, Chinese, Russian, European, Japanese, and Korean, Indian and Latin American foods.
Public Holidays: New Year- 31- December -1 January, Lunar new year(Tsagaan sar), International Women’s Day -8 March, Mother and Children’s day -1 June , National Holiday “Naadam”- 11-13 July, Independence day -26 November.
Electric current: 220 volts/50 HZ
Weight and measures: Metric System
Green Adventurer
Green Adventurer is proud to introduce to you the experience of living, travelling and operating overland adventure safaris all over Mongolia. You will travel close to the nature and feel the wildlife of nomadic Mongolia. We offer extra adventure and green tours to nature lovers. And luxury tours, classical tours, cultural tours and custom- tailored tours are available.
Green Adventurer is not only a Business Company. We are supporter of eco-green tourism and proud member of The International Ecotourism Society/TIES/. Our main mission is “keep the green corners of our beautiful planet”. And we follow these principles of Ecotourism:
* Minimize impact
* Provide positive experiences for both visitors and locals.
Travelers who make an eco trip with us, they can join into our Green club. This club was founded for reducing the desertification.
Green Adventurer has an experienced and dedicated staffs and guides with a vast knowledge of Mongolia. They are friendly Mongolian and high ability of English and other foreign languages.
We invite you to discover whole Mongolia. Be an explorer of her mystic lands and nomadic life, an adventurer through her Gobi dessert, green grassed vast steppe, forested mountainous area and fresh lakes as a blue pearl.
Green Adventurer is not only a Business Company. We are supporter of eco-green tourism and proud member of The International Ecotourism Society/TIES/. Our main mission is “keep the green corners of our beautiful planet”. And we follow these principles of Ecotourism:
* Minimize impact
* Provide positive experiences for both visitors and locals.
Travelers who make an eco trip with us, they can join into our Green club. This club was founded for reducing the desertification.
Green Adventurer has an experienced and dedicated staffs and guides with a vast knowledge of Mongolia. They are friendly Mongolian and high ability of English and other foreign languages.
We invite you to discover whole Mongolia. Be an explorer of her mystic lands and nomadic life, an adventurer through her Gobi dessert, green grassed vast steppe, forested mountainous area and fresh lakes as a blue pearl.
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